Last weekend's agreement between President Trump and Iran establishes a two-month window for broader nuclear talks, occurring eight years following the president's exit from an earlier nuclear deal that the administration had deemed inadequate, with representatives now indicating the present arrangement offers stronger safeguards against nuclear weapons development than the previous accord. Hegseth, the Defense Secretary, stated the arrangement would differ from the JCPOA by ensuring military action remains a viable option, a point the President emphasised.

This document, unlike the comprehensive and technically detailed JCPOA that spanned hundreds of pages, does not constitute a binding final arrangement. Instead, the arrangement comprises 14 provisions that prolong the truce between Washington and Tehran while establishing a foundation for negotiations toward a lasting nuclear accord. The agreement lacks provisions regarding Iran's stockpile of enriched uranium or the future of its nuclear activities, with negotiations on these matters scheduled to continue through the following two months.

Senior officials from the United States presented details of the agreement to the press on Wednesday. Both agreements prohibit Iran from obtaining nuclear arms, though the JCPOA provided considerably greater specificity regarding implementation measures.

At a Wednesday press briefing, the president stated his intention to prevent Iran from acquiring nuclear weapons in addition to blocking their development, emphasizing this distinction be included in the agreement draft. The JCPOA contained a provision whereby Iran stated it would not pursue, develop, or obtain nuclear weapons under any conditions, as documented in the agreement text. The updated memorandum states that Iran commits to abstaining from acquiring or producing nuclear arms, though the mechanisms for verification remain to be determined in subsequent negotiations.

The accord permitted Iran to conduct uranium enrichment within specified parameters. The specifics of any agreement from the previous administration remain uncertain. The JCPOA obligated Iran to substantially decrease its enriched uranium reserves when enrichment levels were considerably lower than current quantities, though complete elimination was not mandated. Under the JCPOA, uranium enrichment was limited to 3.67% for 15 years, a threshold far below the approximately 90% purity needed for weapons-grade material. The agreement mandated that Iran limit its uranium enrichment operations to the Natanz facility alone. The agreement also placed limitations on the quantity and categories of centrifuges that could be operated.

The newly released memorandum indicates that technical discussions over the following 60 days will determine procedures for managing Iran's uranium, while noting that certain restrictions will apply. Iran's uranium reserves currently contain material enriched to 60 percent purity, differing from conditions during earlier JCPOA discussions and representing a level near that required for military applications.

The agreement specifies that both nations consented to handle accumulated enriched material, establishing baseline requirements for diluting Iran's enriched uranium domestically while monitored by the International Atomic Energy Agency. The fate of the enriched uranium remains uncertain, whether it will undergo destruction, international transfer, or dilution to reduce its potency. The document does not provide exact numerical data. The updated agreement omits any reference to centrifuges.

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At the G7 summit in France on Wednesday, the president minimized worries about Iran's 60%-enriched uranium reserves, noting that reports suggested much of the stockpile was covered by rubble following airstrikes by the United States last year, making recovery challenging and rendering the material currently impractical, while earlier this year the president had called on Iran to stop enriching uranium entirely, a position that goes beyond what the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action requires and which Iranian officials have not accepted.

Tehran maintains that its nuclear activities serve exclusively civilian objectives, although enrichment levels reaching 60% surpass requirements for typical peaceful applications. On Wednesday, though, the president indicated some flexibility regarding Iran's pursuit of a civilian nuclear program, noting the difficulty of preventing nuclear energy development when neighboring countries possess such capabilities.

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The JCPOA incorporated expiration provisions at 10 and 15 years, which opponents of the agreement frequently cited as a fundamental weakness. The preliminary accord, which remains open-ended with no expiration provisions, has not been finalised. Whether an agreement will ultimately be reached remains uncertain. In a weekend interview with The New York Times, the president stated he seeks Iran's agreement to halt uranium enrichment for 15 to 20 years, alongside lasting limitations ensuring enrichment occurs solely for civilian applications.

Iran received relief from international sanctions through the JCPOA in return for accepting restrictions on its nuclear activities. The IAEA's verification triggered a gradual easing of restrictions outlined by both the agreement and the Security Council's timetable.

The agreement outlines that sanctions will be removed according to a set timeline within any final arrangement, bearing resemblance to the previous nuclear accord. A notable distinction is that multiple JCPOA signatories—China, Russia, Britain, and Germany—also participated in imposing sanctions on Iran. Given that the agreement involves only Washington and Tehran, the response from other nations maintaining their own Iranian sanctions remains uncertain.

The agreement provides Iran with immediate exemptions for exporting oil and petroleum products, according to the document reviewed by senior officials. The former U.N. ambassador responded on social media to the reported agreement, stating that any immediate sanctions relief would benefit Iran and expressing opposition to such measures, while Tehran has indicated the arrangement includes releasing frozen Iranian funds held under sanctions.

Officials from the administration have disputed this claim, stating that relief from sanctions will follow Tehran's fulfillment of the agreement's requirements. The memorandum outlines that the United States and partners from the region will establish a jointly approved plan involving no less than $300 billion designated for rebuilding and economic advancement in Iran, with implementation details to be determined through subsequent discussions.

The president, however, stated that participation in any Iranian investments would remain optional, clarifying at the G7 meeting in France that no funds were being directed to Iran and dismissing prior reports as unfounded. The authority exists to enter at a future point should action be deemed necessary by any party. However, no financial commitments were made, and the agreement contained no provisions for economic development funding in Iran.

A 1.7 billion dollar payment in physical currency was transferred to Iran by the United States in 2016 as resolution of a longstanding financial disagreement. The government of Iran transferred $400 million to the United States for military equipment that was not supplied prior to the 1979 overthrow of the monarchy. The administration of President Barack Obama reimbursed approximately $1.3 billion in accrued interest along with the principal funds.

The agreement imposed no restrictions on Iran's conventional armed forces or its provision of ballistic missiles, a point that drew criticism. The updated memorandum also omits any reference to ballistic missiles.

On Wednesday, the president indicated he considers it acceptable for Iran to possess ballistic missiles in amounts comparable to those held by surrounding nations, noting that such weapons differ from nuclear arms and that proportional stockpiles among regional powers would be equitable. However, if nations such as Saudi Arabia and Qatar possess comparable amounts proportionally, that appears acceptable.

Neither the nuclear agreement nor the recent memorandum on Iran includes provisions specifying repercussions for supporting terrorist activities.

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On Wednesday, the president informed journalists that his administration intends to pursue a coordinated initiative alongside Gulf states to tackle matters beyond nuclear concerns, including Tehran's ballistic missile program and its support for militant proxy groups. The provision of financial support by Iran to groups including Hamas, Hezbollah and the Houthis — entities classified as terrorist organisations by Washington — has remained a longstanding source of tension. The JCPOA left terrorism-related sanctions on Iran intact, though some observers noted that broader sanctions relief might enable funding for activities linked to terrorism.